Table
Saw - Joinery
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Wood joinery
is one of the most rewarding parts of any woodworking project. Ranging
from simple, attractive miter and bevel joints to the more complicated
lock corner and finger joints, this tip will cover the wood joinery
that can be done on the Mark V in the table saw mode.
Miter
Cuts
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Figure
3-1.
Some examples of how miter cuts can be used to form four-,
six- and eight-sided projects. Click on image to see larger
view.
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Both miter and
bevel cuts are made with the stock held at an angle (other than
90°) to the saw blade. For instance, anytime you change the miter
gauge from its normal 90° position, you will be sawing a miter.
Some examples of miter cuts used to form four-, six-, and eight-sided
figures are illustrated in Figure
3-1. The cut pieces, joined to make forms, are called segments.
It is important
to remember that a miter cut angle is always one-half of the joint
angle. The joint angle in a four-sided picture frame is 90°, but
the cut angle is 45°. Use the following formula to determine the
correct miter gauge setting for a project with any number of segments:
Divide 360° by the number of sides and then divide the answer by
2. To apply this formula to an octagon, for example, divide 360°
by 8; then divide the answer, 45°, by 2. This will yield 22-1/2°,
which would be the correct setting for the miter gauge.
To make any
miter cut, set the miter gauge at the desired angle, and secure
the lock knob. Warning: Place the miter gauge in one of the slots
so that the face of the gauge is angled toward the blade. If you
mount the miter gauge so the face is angled away from the blade,
the wood may bind and kickback. Note: Since most miter
cuts are made at 45°, the miter gauge has positive stops to help
you quickly adjust the gauge to 45° left or 45° right. However,
it's wise to check critical setups with a drafting triangle or combination
square.
Mark the workpiece
where you want to cut it. (It's best to measure from the inside
corners of the miter.) Align the workpiece with the saw blade and
clamp it securely with the miter gauge safety grip.
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Figure
3-2.
To make a miter cut, set the miter gauge at the desired angle,
then proceed as if you were crosscutting.
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From this point
on, the procedure is similar to crosscutting. Make a five-point
check. All five locks-power plant, carriage, table height, table
tilt, and quill-should be secure. Turn the machine on, set the proper
speed and let the machine come up to speed. Push the workpiece slowly
past the blade (Figure
3-2). When the cut is finished, turn the machine off and let
the blade come to a complete stop before removing the workpiece
or scraps.
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Figure
3-3.
A fence extension that is faced with sandpaper provides a
high friction surface that helps to keep the workpiece in
place as you are sawing.
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Miter sawing
is no more difficult than straight crosscutting but accuracy is
most critical. An error of 1° doesn't sound like much, but when
it's repeated on even just four parts, it adds up to frustration
at assembly time. Make it a habit to test machine settings on scrap
stock. Saw the good material only when you are sure the setting
is perfect. Guard against drift which is the tendency of the blade's
rotation to pull the workpiece-perhaps just enough to spoil a perfect
cut. A fence extension that is faced with sandpaper helps keep the
workpiece in place (Figure
3-3). Hold the workpiece securely; use the miter gauge safety
grip.
Here are some
things that will cause inaccurate miter joints:
- Improper
alignment of the machine.
- Dull saw
blade or incorrectly set teeth.
- Stock warped
or otherwise imperfect to begin with.
- Stock allowed
to drift.
- Pass made
too fast.
Mitered segments
must be perfectly matched in size and shape if they are to join
together in a perfect union. Use this formula to determine the segment
length:
Frame width
- rabbet width x 2 + picture length = frame length
Example for
8" long picture:
2" - 3/8" =
1-5/8" x 2 = 3-1/4" + 8 = 11-1/4"
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Figure
3-4.
The miter gauge stop rod can be used to gauge the length of
the segments.
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The miter gauge
stop rod can be used as shown in Figure
3-4 to gauge the length of the segments. Square a piece of stock
to this length. Set the miter gauge to the angle needed, and miter
both ends of the segment. Then use it to set the miter gauge stop
rod. Warning: Never position the miter gauge stop rod so that
it crosses in front of the blade. Other segments are cut from
one length of stock by mitering it at one end, then holding the
mitered end against the stop rod. Be sure that you turn the stock
over for each new pass.

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Figure
3-5.
(A) A miter gauge extension with an adjustable stop can be
used to cut mters on wide stock. (B) Construcion details of
the miter gauge extension. Click on image to see larger view.
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A miter gauge
extension with an adjustable stop can be used to cut miters on wide
stock (Figure 3-5).
Miter Cuts
with a Fixture
Cutting close, tight miters is much easier when you use a sliding
table fixture (Figure
3-6). The fixture is easy to make and is well worth your time
and effort, because a fixture that is well built and set up accurately
will enable you to cut perfect 45° miters every time. The strips
that slide in the miter gauge slots are cut to fit from hardwood.
Use screws to secure the strips to the base; then cut a 12" long
saw kerf into the fixture.


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Figure
3-6.
(A) The sliding table fixture can be used to make close, accurate
miters with ease. (B) Construction details of the sliding
table fixture. Click on image to see larger view.
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Miter one end
of each hardwood fence at 45°. Use glue and screws to secure one
of the fences into place at 45° to the saw kerf. Once the glue on
this fence has dried, use an accurate square to position the other
one; secure it with glue and screws. So that the stock will have
less tendency to drift while being cut, attach fine grit sandpaper
onto the fixture with rubber cement.
When using this
fixture, always cut matching miters. This is done by cutting the
first corner of the stock on the right side of the fixture and the
second corner on the left side.
Remember that
all fixtures, in addition to being carefully made, should be protected
so they will maintain accuracy. Carefully sand all parts before
assembly. Use glue and screws to join components. After assembly,
apply several coats of penetrating sealer with a light sanding between
coats and another light sanding when the final coat is dry. Wax
and buff those surfaces that make contact with the machine.
Back
to Top
Bevel
Cuts
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Figure
3-7.
Some examples of how miter cuts can be used to form four-,
six- and eight-sided projects.
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Bevel cuts are
made with the worktable positioned at an angle other than 90° to
the blade. Slide the carriage and the power plant all the way to
the right. This will allow you to move the workpiece freely across
the table without interfering with the way tubes. The angle considerations
that apply to miters also apply to cross miters and bevels (Figure
3-7). The cut angle is always one-half of the joint angle.
Crosscut
Bevels
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Figure
3-8.
Crosscut bevels are cut with the miter gauge at 90-degrees
and with the table tilted.
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To make a crosscut
bevel, set the worktable at the desired angle and use the miter
gauge to guide the workpiece (Figure
3-8). Mount the miter gauge on the downside of the table only.
This will provide better support for the workpiece, help eliminate
kickbacks, keep the miter gauge from hitting the blade, and keep
your hands out of danger.
Rip Bevels
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Figure
3-9.
Rip bevels are made with the table tilted and the workpiece
usually riding against the rip fence.
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A rip bevel
is made with the table tilted, the workpiece usually riding against
the rip fence (Figure
3-9). Warning: Mount the rip fence on the downside of the
table to provide better support for the workpiece, help eliminate
kick-back, and keep your hands out of danger. On the Model 500
there will be times when the width of a workpiece will prevent you
from using the rip fence. If this is the case, clamp a long, straight
board to the underside of the workpiece and rest this board over
the upper edge of the table (Figure
3-10). If properly positioned, the board will guide the workpiece
as accurately as a rip fence. If you have a Model 510, use the rip
fence and the extension table system to support wide stock (Figure
3-11).
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Figure
3-10.
To rip a bevel in a wide board clamp a long, straight board
to the underside of the workpiece. Hook this board over the
upper edge of the table and use it as a guide.
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 |
Figure
3-11.
When ripping a bevel in wide stock, use the rip fence and
the extension table system (Model 510) to support the stock.
|
 |
Figure
3-12.
Small segments can be assembled this way, using glue and a
stapling gun. A band clamp or rubber bands can be used to
hold the pieces until the glue dries.
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Small, cross
beveled or rip beveled segments are easy to assemble if you work
as shown in Figure
3-12. Coat mating surfaces with glue and hold them tightly together
as you drive staples to serve as "clamps." Use a band clamp or rubber
bands after the assembly is complete to hold the pieces together
until the glue is dry.
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Figure
3-13.
Segments can be precut with straight sides and then beveled
like this. Cut one side, turn stock end-for-end, and cut second
side. The fence position is not changed.
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A convenient
way to cut beveled segments is shown in Figure
3-13. First cut the segments to the length and width you need.
Set the table to the correct tilt and the fence to control the width
of cut. Cut the bevel on one edge of the stock and then, without
changing the setting, turn the stock end-for-end and bevel the second
edge.
V-Cuts
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Figure
3-14.
V-cuts are done in this manner. The cuts must meet at the
bottom of the "V". The waste stock may be kicked
back, so stand on either side of the blade.
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V-shapes are
formed by opposing bevel cuts that do not go through the stock and
which meet to form an angle. Work as shown in Figure
3-14 when the "V" must be down the center of the stock. Set
the saw blade's projection to the depth of the "V" needed. Set the
rip fence so the center of the workpiece will match the topmost
point of the saw blade. Make one pass and, after turning the stock
end-for-end, make a second pass. Warning: Be sure to stand to
one side when you make the second pass because the V-shaped waste
piece might be kicked back toward the front of the table by the
action of the saw blade.
V-cuts that
are not centered are done almost the same way. The difference is
that the rip fence must be relocated to position the workpiece for
the second pass.
Back
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Compound
Angles
While a miter
cut requires a miter gauge setting and a bevel calls for a table
tilt, a compound angle cut is done with a combination of both settings.
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Figure
3-15.
Examples of assemblies done with compound miter joints.
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Any frame or
open structure that has sloping sides requires a compound miter
(Figure 3-15).
Typical examples of projects that have compound-angle miter joints
include: a peaked figure with any number of sides such as you might
require for a fencepost top or the roof of a birdhouse or doll-house,
a plant container with sloping sides, and a picture frame with sides
that slope toward or away from the wall.
Of all table
saw operations, compound angle cuts are probably the hardest to
do, not because of how they relate to sawing, but because the accuracy
of the cut is so critical. Work slowly; be sure of each setting
before you cut into good stock. Here is a good procedure to follow:
Adjust the miter gauge to the angle you need and make a test cut
with the table set at "0". Check to see if the cut is correct. Tilt
the table to the angle required and make a test bevel cut. Check
to see if that cut is correct.
Compound cutting
sometimes requires alternating the miter gauge in the table slots,
which means the miter gauge setting must be changed each time. Check
each setting carefully before making the pass. Some woodworkers
have an extra miter gauge on hand for just such times.
Take a stance
that keeps you out of the line of cut and make a test pass without
the workpiece and with the power off, so you can preview the best
way to handle the operation.
Here is a typical
procedure, based on a four-sided frame and using the popular 60°
work angle, which may be followed when doing compound angle work.
Note: The work angle is the angle measured between your line of
sight and the flat face of the frame. First decide the overall size
of the frame and from this determine the lengths of the four pieces
required. Cut and square these pieces to exact length as if it were
a simple frame.
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Figure
3-16.
Hold the work firmly throughout the pass; cut slowly.
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By referring
to Table 3-1, you will
discover that the 60° work angle requires a table tilt of 20-3/4°
and a miter gauge setting of 49°. Set the miter gauge and the table
exactly at these settings. If you are off even a fraction of a degree,
you won't get a good joint. To gauge the amount of cutoff, you can
clamp a stop block to the table or use a miter gauge stop rod so
the work can be positioned correctly before making contact with
the blade. Hold the workpiece very firmly by using the miter gauge
safety grip and make the pass very slowly (Figure
3-16). The four parts should fit together snugly, while forming
a perfect right angle at each corner.
This method
does involve wasting some wood, but attempting to cut each part
of the frame con-secutively from one long board or calculating the
exact length is extremely difficult. Cutting the four pieces to
exact length beforehand, as suggested, pays off in accuracy and
convenience.
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Figure
3-17.
Compound bevel cuts are done with the taper guide at one setting
and the table tilt at another.
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Work with the
taper guide when you need to cut a compound angle on a wide piece
of stock (Figure 3-17).
In effect, the taper guide is a substitute for the miter gauge.
The difference between this operation and normal taper cuts is that,
here, you work with the table at a tilt angle.
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Dado
Accessory Joinery
In joinery and
some other special applications, it is often necessary to make a
cut considerably wider than the saw kerf. For this type of work,
a dado accessory is usually used.
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Figure
3-18.
The dado accessory consists of two outside blades and an assortment
of chippers. The paper washers are for slight adjustments
to compensate for variations in material thicknesses.
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A dado accessory
(Figure 3-18) consists
of two outside blades, four 1/8" and one 1/16" chippers that are
used between the blades. Width of cut, which can range from 1/8"
to 13/16", is controlled by the number of components that you mount.
A single outside blade will cut a 1/8" kerf; if you mount the two
blades, the cut will increase to 1/4". You must add chippers to
go beyond 1/4". For example, for a 1/2" cut, use both outside blades
and two 1/8" chippers. To increase the kerf to 9/16" wide, add the
1/16" chipper. Since there can be some minute variation in nominal
wood and even plywood thicknesses, paper washers are supplied for
mounting on the arbor between the components; thus you can make
slight adjustments in width of cut.
 |
Figure
3-19.
The dado accessory mounts on the 5/8" molder/dado arbor
which is then locked in the Mark V's main spindle.
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The dado accessory
is mounted on a 5/8" molder/dado arbor which locks on the Mark V's
main spindle (Figure
3-19). Warning: Be sure the tongue washer is used under the
hex nut and the threaded shaft of the arbor is flush or extends
past the end of the hex nut. Never use chippers alone or mount chippers
with only one outside blade, because a kick-back hazard is created.
Arrange chippers so they are evenly distributed and so their swaged
cutting edges align in the gullets of the outside blades (Figure
3-20).
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Figure
3-20.
Chippers are always used between outsidee blades. Situate
the chippers so the swaged cutting edges are in the gullets
of the outside blades.
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 |
Figure
3-21.
Use the special dado table insert with the dado accessory.
The Model 500 insert is shown.
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Because the
dado accessory makes extra-wide cuts, you must use a special table
insert that accommodates it (Figure
3-21). Warning: Be sure that the dado accessory has clearance
in the slot. Rotate it by hand, using the auxiliary spindle, before
turning on the power.
The projection
of the dado accessory is always less than the thickness of the stock.
You can set projection by using a measuring scale or a step gauge
(Figure 3-22).
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Figure
3-22.
The projection of the dado accessory can be set by using a
step gauge.
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You work with
a dado accessory in much the same way as you do a saw blade, but
since the tool will be removing much more material, the pass should
be made very slowly to give the blades a chance to work without
clogging. Form extra-deep cuts by making more than one pass. For
example, if you need a cut that is 1-1/4" deep, make one pass with
the cutter's projection at about 5/8". Make a second pass after
adjusting the saw table for the full 1-1/4" deep cut. This procedure
is especially applicable if you are working with a hardwood like
oak or maple. Warning: The dado accessory is used without the
upper saw guard in place. Whenever you remove the upper guard, keep
the lower guard in place and make sure the lock knob is secured.
Use a push stick, push blocks and safety devices. Work with extreme
caution.
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Figure
3-23.
Because the dado acessory is designed for wide cuts, the metal
lower saw guard must be modified by using a spacer between
the main part of the guard and its cover.
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Guard Spacer
(Mark V with Metal Lower Saw Guard Only)- Because the dado accessory
can be used for extra-wide cuts, you must place a spacer (offered
free through Customer Service) between the two halves of the lower
saw guard. If you want to make a spacer, remove the cover from the
guard and trace its contour on a piece of 1-1/4" stock that measures
3-1/2" wide by 10" long. Mark the location of the bolt holes and
then draw another line parallel to the first one but about 1/4"
smaller. Cut the stock on a bandsaw or scroll saw, and drill 9/32"
holes for the attachment bolts. When you are finished, the spacer
should look like the one shown in Figure
3-23. Secure the spacer between the two halves of the lower
saw guard with 1/4"-20 x 1-3/4" bolts.
Back
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Dadoes
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Figure
3-24.
A dado is a U-shaped cut made across the grain. Use the miter
gauge stop rod when you meed the same cut on more than one
piece.
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A dado is a
U-shaped square cornered cut in the surface of a board that is made
across the grain. Use the miter gauge and the safety grip as you
Would for any crosscutting operation. When you need the same dado
on more than one piece of stock, you can work with the miter gauge
stop rod (Figure 3-24)
or the miter gauge extension with the sliding stop to position the
workpiece so the cuts will be the same on all pieces. Warning:
Never position the miter gauge stop rod so that it crosses in front
of the blade.
 |
Figure
3-25.
This is the first cut you make when you need an extra-wide
dado. When more than one piece is involved, make this same
cut on all pieces before changing the setting.
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Extra-Wide
Dadoes-When you need a dado that is wider than can be accomplished
with the dado accessory at maximum width, proceed as follows: Place
a spacer on the rip fence near the front of the table and lock the
fence so the distance from the spacer to the dado will be the edge
distance of the cut you need. Butt the end of the work against the
spacer and make the first cut (Figure
3-25).
Next, move the
rip fence so the distance from the spacer and the outside surface
of the dado accessory will be the width of the cut you need. Make
a second cut (Figure
3-26). Then just keep making overlapping passes until the waste
stock between the first two cuts has been cleared away (Figure
3-27).
 |
Figure
3-26.
The second cut for an extra-wide dado is shown here. The fence
position has been changed so the spacer can gauge the work's
position for the total cut width.
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Figure
3-27.
The final step is to clean out the waste by making repeat
passes.
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Figure
3-28.
This is the first cut for a matching dado cut. Use the extension
table for more support if needed.
|
 |
Figure
3-29.
Make a second pass the same way after you have flipped the
work. The two cuts will line up perfectly.
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Matching
Dado Sets-These dadoes, might be required, for example, when
building a bookcase with shelves that are supported on both sides
by a midpoint partition. Place a spacer on the rip fence near the
front of the table and lock the fence so the distance from the spacer
to the dado will be the edge distance of the cut you need. Make
the first cut (Figure
3-28). Be sure to keep the workpiece level. After the first
cut, the work is flipped over and a second pass is made (Figure
3-29). You know that the two dadoes will be perfectly aligned.
The cuts must be shallow enough to leave at least 1/3 the stock
thickness uncut.
Back
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Grooves


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Figure
3-30.
(A) Grooves are formed by using a rip fence extension to guide
the workpiece, just as if you were doing a ripping operation.
(B) Cosntruction details of a rip fence extension. Click on
image to see larger view.
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Grooves are
U-shaped cuts that are made with the grain of the wood. They are
made much like rip cuts, with the fence positioned to gauge the
distance between the cut and the edge of the stock. Figure
3-30A shows a groove being cut in the surface of a workpiece.
A feather board mounted on a rip fence extension helps to keep the
workpiece down against the table.
 |
Figure
3-31.
A feather board keeps the workpiece against the fence so a
groove can be cut in the edge.
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To cut grooves
in the edge of a workpiece, position a feather board in front of
the dado accessory. Use a push block to move the stock (Figure
3-31).
Back
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Other
Dado Accessory Joinery
 |
Figure
3-32.
Some of the joints you can form by working with a dado accessory:
(A) rabbet, (B) dado, (C) end flap, (D) middle lap, (E) lapped
miter, (F) notched, and (G) combination dado and rabbet (good
for box corners). Click on image for larger view.
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All of the joints
that are shown in Figure
3-32 can be cut by using a dado accessory. A problem with the
simple dado joint is that it leaves a visible joint that is not
attractive (Figure
3-33). The lines are hidden when the project is designed with
facing strips or a front frame (Figure
3-34). To create a more acceptable appearance when the joint
can't be hidden, you can install shelves that are wider than the
sides of the case. As shown in Figure
3-35, the front edges of the shelves can be treated in various
ways to contribute to visual appeal.
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Figure
3-33.
A disadvantage of the dado joint is that its joint line is
visible.
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Figure
3-34.
The joint lines are hidden if the project calls for facing
strips or a front frame.
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 |
Figure
3-35.
The joint lines will not be so noticeable if you design shelves
like this. Click on image for larger view.
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 |
Figure
3-36.
A stopped dado results when you do not cut entirely across
the stock. A stop block can be used to control the length
of cut. Click on image for larger view.
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A very professional
way to conceal dado joint lines is to work with stopped dadoes.
This simply means that the dado cut is not continued completely
across the stock. To control the length of the cut, you work with
a stop block secured to the rip fence (Figure
3-36). This, of course, leaves an arc where the cut stops. The
shelf, or whatever insert, can be shaped in one of the ways shown
in Figure 3-37
to accommodate the arc. Another method is to use a small chisel
to cut away the arc material so shelves can be inserted as shown
in Figure 3-38.
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Figure
3-37.
Shelves can be shaped this way to conform to the arc that
is part of a stopped dado.
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 |
Figure
3-38.
The arc area of the stopped dado can be cleared out with a
chisel; the shelves can then be fitted this way.
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Rabbet Cuts-A
rabbet is an L-shaped cut made on the end of stock or along the
edge. The width of the cut may be gauged with the miter gauge stop
rod or by using a spacer on the rip fence. Warning: Never position
the miter gauge stop rod so it crosses in front of the dado accessory.
When rabbet
cuts are needed along the length of stock (this may be called for
when the back of a bookcase or other project is recessed into the
frame), the rabbet is cut with the stock sliding against the rip
fence.
The size of
the rabbet is deter-mined by the piece that will be joined to it.
For example, if you were recessing a 1/4" panel into the back of
a bookcase frame made of 3/4" stock, the rabbet would have to be
1/4" deep (to accommodate the panel) by about 3/8" wide (to provide
fastening area without loss of strength to the side).


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Figure
3-39.
(A) A fence facing, which you make, is a necessary accessory
for many dadoing operations. (B) Construction details of the
fence facing. Click on image for larger view.
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While rabbets
can be cut with a conventional saw blade as described later in this
chapter, they are more easily formed with a dado accessory. To obtain
the most accurate results, make a fence facing like the one shown
in Figure 3-39.
To form the relief arc that is needed in the facing, continue in
this manner: Raise the table above the dado accessory and bolt the
facing to the rip fence. Lock the fence so the dado accessory will
cut about three-quarters of the facing's thickness; then very slowly
lower the table until the arc's height is about 3/8" deep.
 |
Figure
3-40.
Use a fenc efacing when cutting edge rabbets. It's much better
to work this way than to move the workpiece between the fence
and the dado accessory.
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To form an edge
rabbet, lock the rip fence so the distance from the fence facing
to the outside of the dado accessory equals the width of the rabbet.
Adjust the blade projection for the depth of the rabbet. Hold the
workpiece snugly against the facing and make the pass as shown in
Figure 3-40.
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Figure
3-41.
A spacer on the rip fence can be used to gauge the cut width
of an end rabbet. Position the spacer so it is well in front
of the dado accessory.
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End rabbets
may be cut in similar fashion but a spacer is mounted on the rip
fence and the miter gauge with safety grip advances the work (Figure
3-41). The rip fence is locked so the distance from the spacer
to the outside of the dado accessory equals the width of the rabbet;
the blade's projection is set for the rabbet's depth. Figure
3-38. The arc area of the stopped dado can be cleared out with
a chisel; the shelves can then be fitted this way.
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Figure
3-42.Cutting
a groove for a tongue and groove joint. Be sure the stock
has ample bearing surface against the insert.
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Tongue-and-Groove
Work-To perform tongue-and-groove work, assemble the dado accessory
so you'll get the groove width you need. Set the projection for
the depth of the groove; then make the pass as shown in Figure
3-42. Be sure that the stock has ample bearing surface against
the insert. To ensure that the groove will be exactly centered,
assemble the dado accessory parts to make the cut narrower than
you need. Make one pass and then turn the stock end-for-end and
make a second pass.
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Figure
3-43.
A tongue is formed by making matching rabbet cuts on opposite
edges of the stock. Always cut the grooves first and then
form the tongues to fit.
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The tongue is
formed by making two opposing rabbet cuts on the stock's edge (Figure
3-43). Make a first cut with one side of the stock against the
fence and make a second cut after turning the stock end-for-end.
It's easier to make adjustments for the rabbet cuts that form the
tongue, so always shape the grooves first and fit the tongue to
the groove.
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Figure
3-44.
A tenon is formed by making two rabbet cuts. The spacer controls
the total cut width. Clean out waste by making repeat passes.
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Forming a
Tenon-A tenon can be formed by making two matching rabbet cuts,
controlled by the setup shown in Figure
3-44. The distance from the spacer to the outside of the dado
accessory equals the length of the tenon. The blade's projection
equals one-half of the stock's thickness minus half the thickness
of the tenon. Make repeat passes to clean away the waste stock;
then turn the work over and repeat the procedure (Figure
3-45).
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Figure
3-45.
To finish the tenon, turn the stock over and repeat the procedure.
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Additional
Joinery
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Figure
3-46.
All of these joints can be accomplished on the table saw using
a saw blade or a dado accessory: (A) butt, (B) rabbet, (C)
dado, (D) groove, (E) end lap (splice), (F) middle lap, (G)
lapped miter, (H) combination dado and rabbet, (I) end lap,
(J) notched, (K) true tenon, (L) stud tenon, (M) slot (For
stud tenon), (N) beveled miter, and (O) simple miter, *All
or part of these joints can be made using the Tenon Master
Jig.
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All of the joints
shown in Figure 3-46
can be accomplished by working with either a saw blade or a dado
accessory. Some of the joints can be made using the Tenon Master
Jig. It's a good idea to become familiar with these joints since
they are used in many types of furniture and cabinetmaking and in
drawer and case construcitons.
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Saw
Blade Joinery
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Figure
3-47.
Dadoes can be formed by making repeat passes with a saw blade.
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By making repeat
passes with the saw blade you can form dadoes, grooves and rabbets.
Dadoes-Figure
3-47 shows how to form a dada by making repeat passes with a
saw blade. The first and second cuts form the shoulders of the dado.
The material between the two cuts is removed by making overlapping
passes. When the same cut is required on more than one piece, gauge
the first and second cuts by using a stop block on the rip fence
and miter gauge extension or stop rod. Warning: Never position
the miter gauge stop rod so it crosses in front of the blade.
Do the cuts in sequence on all pieces; that is, make the first cut
on all pieces and then the second cut. This will ensure that the
cuts will be similar and correctly located on all the work.
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Figure
3-48.
Repeat passes can also be used to form grooves in the edge
of stock. When first and second cuts are made with opposite
surfaces of the stock against the fence, the groove will be
exactly centered. Use a rip fence extension and feather board
for additional support.
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Grooves-A
repeat-pass groove is formed by working against the rip fence as
diagrammed in Figure
3-48. Work this way to assure that the groove will be exactly
centered. Mark the stock for the first cut; this will indicate the
stock thickness that remains after the groove is formed. Set the
fence so the outside of the blade will be on that line and make
the first pass. Then, turn the stock end-for-end so the opposite
surface will be against the fence, and make a second pass. If material
remains between the two cuts you can clear it away by making additional
passes. On jobs like this, and especially if the stock is thin,
make a special insert so there will be ample support area for the
stock around the cut area. Use a rip fence extension and a feather
board for additional support.
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Figure
3-49.
A rabbet can be formed by a saw blade in this manner; (A)
first pass, (B) second pass. Use a rip fence extension and
a feather board for additional support.
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Rabbets-While
rabbets can be formed with a dado accessory as described earlier
in this chapter, they can also be made with a saw blade by following
the two steps shown in Figure
3-49.
Use a rip fence
extension and a feather board for both steps. Warning: Avoid
getting the waste stock caught between the rip fence extension and
the blade on the second cut; otherwise, the waste may kick back.
Plan ahead carefully.
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Figure
3-50.
When making a rabbet, first cut a kerf in the surface of the
workpiece.
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Cut the surface
of the workpiece first (Figure
3-50). Then turn off the Mark V and readjust the position of
the fence if necessary. Turn the workpiece on edge and make your
second cut so that the waste is on the opposite side of the blade
from the rip fence (Figure
3-51).
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Figure
3-51.
Turn the workpiece on edge and make the second cut. It's important
that the waste doesn't get caught between the saw blade and
the extension fence.
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Notching
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Figure
3-52.
The familiar eggcrate pattern is easy to make.
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A notching cut
is a dado that is cut across the thickness of the stock. When the
cut is used to join pieces that cross each other and which must
have even surfaces, the blade projection must be exactly one-half
the stock's width. A typical application is the eggcrate-type construction
shown in Figure 3-52.
One way to work is to clamp together all the pieces you need and
saw them as if they were a single block (Figure
3-53).
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Figure
3-53.
Clamp together as many pieces as you need so they can be cut
like a solid block. Dado width equals the stock's thickness;
blade projection equals one-half the stock's width.
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Mark the spacing
between notches on the fron piece; set the dado width to equal the
thickness of the stock and the blade projection to equal one-half
the stock's width.
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Splines
and Keys for Reinforcement
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Figure
3-54.
These ar etypical of the joints that are stronger when a spline
is used; (A) simple miters; (B) cross miters; (C) bevel miters;
(D) odd angle joints; (E) edge-to-edge joints; (F) segments;
and (G) even butt joints.
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It's always
a good idea to reinforce a joint even though modern adhesives provide
a strong bond. Splines, which can be used with many joint designs
as shown in Figure
3-54, do an excellent job of providing the extra strength. A
spline is simply a straight strip that is cut to fit grooves formed
in the mating pieces (Figure
3-55). Since wood can split more easily along its grain than
across its grain, splines should be designed so the grain is at
right angles to the pieces to be joined.
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Figure
3-55.
Be sure the grain direction of the spline is across its short
dimension or at right angles to the mating pieces. Click on
image to see larger view.
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Figure
3-56.
(A) A spline can be used in a simple miter regardless of the
miter cut angle. (B) Splines can also be used to reinforce
compound miter joints. Cut splines longer than necessary so
you can trim and sand them smooth after assembly.
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Figure
3-56 demonstrates how splines are used to reinforce simple miter
and compound miter joints.
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Figure
3-57.
After grooves are cut in the edge of stock, the splines are
separated by making a crosscut.
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Forming Splines-One
way to form splines is to first cut grooves through the ends of
a workpiece and then to cut off the ends by doing a crosscut as
shown in Figure 3-57.
The thickness of the splines will depend on how you set up for the
initial groove cuts. The grooves must run across the stock so the
splines will have correct grain direction.
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Figure
3-58.
Plywood is a very good spline material. Use a spacer on the
rip fence to gauge the width of the spline.
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Plywood is an
excellent material for splines. It provides a lot of strength and
you don't have to worry about grain direction. Cut the plywood to
a width that equals the spline length you need and then simply cut
off as many pieces as you need (Figure
3-58).
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Figure
3-59.
A blind spline can add much strength when pieces are joined
edge-to-edge, and it can't be seen when it is installed this
way. Cut the spline so the wood grain runs along the short
dimension. Click image to see larger view.
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Blind Spline
Joint-Simple butt joints are often used when boards are joined
edge-to-edge, but a spline can aid in the alignment of the boards
and add strength to the assembly. A blind spline can't be seen (Figure
3-59). Warning: The upper saw guard is removed for this operation
so work with extreme caution.
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Figure
3-60.
Stop blocks are used to control the length of the groove.
Start the job by bracing the workpiece securely against the
front stop block and then slowly lowering it to contact the
dado acessory. Click image to see larger view.
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Cut the groove
as shown in Figure
3-60. The stop blocks, clamped to the rip fence, control the
length of the groove. Brace the workpiece against the front stop
block, as shown in the illustration; then very slowly and carefully
lower it until it contacts the dado accessory and rests securely
on the table. Then move the workpiece forward until it contacts
the rear stop block. Lift the work carefully when you remove it,
picking the back end up first.
The splines,
which are shaped dado, should have grain running across the short
dimension. Always cut the grooves first since it's no chore to form
the splines to correct thickness. Don't size the splines so they
must be forced into place. A slip-fit is best since it makes assembly
easier and provides room for glue.
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Figure
3-61.
Spline grooves in miters, cross miters, and even compound
miters can be cut this way, but extreme caution is required.
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Spline Grooves
in Compound Miters-One method of forming spline grooves in compound
miters, with the table tilted to the correct angle and the rip fence
used as a guide, is shown in Figure
3-61. The operator is responsible for holding the stock securely
and maintaining its position throughout the pass. Warning: The
upper saw guard is removed for this operation so work with extreme
caution. An easier and more accurate method is to use the Tenon
Master Jig.
When you are
making splined joints, always form the groove first; then cut the
reinforcement piece so it will be a nice, sliding fit.
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Figure
3-62.
Keys are tirangular pieces that fit into miter cuts like this.
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Keys-Keys
are triangular pieces that are often used in the manner shown in
Figure 3-62 to
reinforce miter joints. Notice the direction in which the grain
should run. The thin stock you need to make the keys can be cut
as shown in Figure
3-63. To keep small pieces of stock from falling through the
table insert, position the blade as close to the left side of the
insert as possible.
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Figure
3-63.
The thin material you need to make the keys is cut this way.
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Always cut splines
and keys so they are longer than you need. It's better to trim them
and sand them to conform to project surfaces after they are installed
and the glue is dry.
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Tenons
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Figure
3-64.
This is a true tenon. Its length should be 1/16" less
than the depth of the mortise and its end should be chambered
to allow room for excess glue.
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The "true" tenon
is shown in Figure
3-64. The tenon can be formed on the table saw with a dado accessory
or by making multiple passes with a saw blade. Note: The "mortise,"
which is a rectangular cavity that receives the tenon, is cut with
a mortising, routing or drilling accessory.
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Figure
3-65.
You can produce a tenon with a saw blade if you make these
four passes-two with the miter gauge and two against the fence.
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The four-pass
procedure illustrated in Figure 3-65
is generally used to form tenons. (This method can also be used
to cut tongues.) Set the rip fence to, in effect, gauge the thickness
of the projection. Make the first pass, and then make a second one
after turning the stock end-for-end. Re-move the waste by working
with the miter gauge. Since the last two cuts must match, gauge
the stock's position by using a spacer block on the rip fence.
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Figure
3-66.
The open tenon has only two shoulders. It and the slot it
needs can be formed on the table saw.
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The open tenon
has only two shoulders. It and the slot it needs can also be formed
on the table saw (Figure
3-66).
When forming
tenons, the stock must be held on edge and components that require
the cuts are often narrow, so the easiest and most accurate way
to form tenons is to work with the Tenon Master Jig.
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Figure
3-67.
Using the Tenon Master Jig to shape a tenon.
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Form tenons
by using a dado accessory or saw blade and working as shown in Figure
3-67. Once the Tenon Master has been correctly positioned, its
position does not have to be changed. Make the first pass, turn
the work so its opposite surface is against the face, and make a
second pass. The work will be most secure when clamped to the face
of the Tenon Master.
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Figure
3-68.
You can form a slot by making repeat passes with a saw blade
or by using a dado accessory.
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Slots can be
formed by using a dado accessory or by making repeat passes with
a saw blade (Figure
3-68). This is also a good way to form the initial grooves in
stock ends which will then be crosscut to produce splines. In addition,
you can work this way for the first cut when doing a two-pass rabbet,
the first cuts for tenons, and so on. When the cut or the size of
the work requires it, make a special table insert and use it instead
of the standard insert.
The Tenon Master
can be used for operations like forming grooves in miter joints
for splines or keys. It positions the workpiece at the correct angle
and secures it so it can't move during the pass.


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Figure
3-69.
The mating pieces are set and clamped in position like this
to cut grooves for the keys.
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To accurately
cut grooves for keys be sure the trunnion is positioned correctly.
The mating pieces of the miter joint are set and locked in place
as shown in Figure
3-69. When you work this way, it isn't necessary for the grooves
to be exactly centered. This same setup can be used to cut grooves
for splines (Figure
3-70).
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Figure
3-70.
As long as the width and thickness of the stock permits it
to be placed along the guides, the attachment can also be
used to form spline grooves.
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Finger
Joints
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Figure
3-71.
The finger joint is attractive and has a great deal of strength
because of its abundant glue area.
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The finger joint,
like the dovetail, is often found on classic examples of furniture.
It is sometimes hidden, but other times it is left exposed to denote
craftmanship and display the interlocking fingers which form interesting
patterns (Figure 3-71).
Structurally, it is an impressive joint because it has an unusual
amount of gluing surfaces. It is often called a "box joint" which
doesn't exactly seem correct since the term connotes unimaginative
applications. Actually it can be used on drawers, jewelry boxes,
carcass constructions, and so on.
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Figure
3-72.
Construction details of a finger joint fixture. Click on image
to see larger view.
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Generally, the
width of the fingers should be about equal to the thickness of the
stock. However, on a shallow project made of 1/2" or thicker material,
such heavy fingers would not be visually appealing. In many cases,
even on deep projects made of thick material, thin fingers look
more impressive. A good, practical finger width is 3/8". This will
look good on material thickness ranging from 3/8" to 1".
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Figure
3-73.
The fixture, ready for use, looks like this.
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Finger joints
look complicated. But when you make a simple fixture, like the one
shown in Figure 3-72,
you can cut mating pieces of the joint at the same time and with
ensured accuracy. So that the mating pieces of the joint will fit
snugly together, be very careful with measurements and cuts when
you are making the fixture. Note: The fixture is for 3/8" wide fingers
only. For different size joints, the 3/8" dimensions need to be
changed to the sizes desired. Warning: The upper saw guard is removed
so work with extreme caution.


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Figure
3-74.
(A) Make the first cut with guide strip between the work and
the guide block. (B) Make the next cut as shown. Click on
image to see larger view.
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To cut the notches
in the fixture, set the dado accessory for a cut that is exactly
3/8" wide. Set the dado blade's projection to match the thickness
of the stock or just a fraction more. Mount the fixture to the miter
gauge and make the pass that cuts the first notch. Make a second
notch exactly 3/8" away from the first one. The guide must be exactly
the width of the cut and be secured in the second notch with a screw.
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Figure
3-75.
Make subsequent cuts by placing the preceding cut over the
guide.
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Figure
3-73 shows the fixture mounted to the miter gauge and ready
to use. Place the spacer against the guide in the fixture and butt
one piece of the workpiece (part one) against it. Make the first
pass (Figure 3-74A).
This first cut, which will be L-shaped, is then butted against the
guide. The mating workpiece (part two) is put over top of part one.
The uncut edge is butted against the guide (Figure
3-74B). Subsequent cuts are accurately spaced by fitting the
preceding cut over the guide (Figure
3-75).
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Figure
3-76.
Construction details of a finger joint fixture for various
widths of fingers. Click on image to see larger view.
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The finger joint
fixture that we have demonstrated will continue to serve anytime
the joint will have the same finger widths for which the fixture
is designed. However, you can make another fixture that allows multiple
width fingers if you interchange multiple size of guides (Figure
3-76). Using this type of fixture will require more care, since
the fixture must be accurately set for each job.
When using either
fixture, any excess of finger length can be sanded off after project
assembly.
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Lock
Corner Joints
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Figure
3-77.
Procedure for making a lock corner joint on 3/4" stock.
Accuracy is critical. (A) Cut a 1/8" x 1/8" dado,
5/8" from the edge. (B) Cut a 1/8" x 1/8" rabbet.
(C) Cut a 1/8" x 1/2" rabbet to form the 1/8"
x 1/8" tongue. (D) Form a slot 3/8" x 3/4".
(E) Cut off one side of the slot and cut a 1/8" x 1/8"
dado.
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Joints of this
type are a challenge to do, but they hold together beau-tifully.
Figure 3-77 shows
the typical procedure on 3/4" stock. Accuracy is critical.
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Joint
Applications
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Figure
3-78.
Various types of joints that can be used on box corners. Which
you choose depends on how the project must appear. The mitered
joint is the neatest, but is not much stronger than a butt
unless you reinforce it with a spline.
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Joints are used
to hold parts together. The joints can be simple or advanced, but
all must be carefully cut if they are to look good and hold with
maximum strength. Figures
3-78 through 3-81
illustrate some joint applications on typical woodworking projects.
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Figure
3-79.
Typical drawer construction. Click on image to see larger
view.
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Figure
3-80.
Some common drawer guide designes. (A) The centered guide
is the most common. (B) The drawer side can be fitted whe
a cleat that rides a dado in the side of the case, or the
opposite can be done. Click on image to see larger view.
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Figure
3-81.
Drawer supports, or rail frames, are integral parts of case
construction. Some typical assembly methods are shown here.
Many rail frames are done with thin inset plywood panels so
they serve as dust guards between drawer sections. Click on
image to see larger view.
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